physical premotion (thesis IV) and the practical judgment of the intellect (thesis V). Moreover, these three requirements strictly imply their intended outcome or object: Given the divine decree, the physical premotion and the practical judgment of the intellect with regard to Engelbertus’ performing p, Engelbertus will perform p. But if these requirements strictly imply the performance of p, then (4) implies a contradiction. Engelbertus cannot both perform p and not perform p. According to Voetius,